Murder within the Family - 3438 Words

This essay will explore how the media shapes the formal and informal policing of child murders within the family. Through case studies, an exploration of government policies and legislation, the essay will illustrate how the media has created moral panics around stranger danger, despite the fact that major harm to children is generally caused by families and their friends. Throughout our upbringing one is taught not to speak to strangers because they are the ones who are most likely to bring harm upon us. The people found most trustworthy are normally family members and family friends. Most people would, without a second thought trust their children’s life with family or friends. This essay will explore definitions of the family, moral panics, formal and informal policing. Furthermore, this essay will seek to address how the media is seen to be the fourth estate of power. It will also discuss the power of the media and how the media frames and shapes moral panics, which conseq uently might give a misleading picture of the situation, through the demonization of strangers and how the media labels individuals within society. Finally, in order to answer the above question, the essay will look into cases and legislation to identify how governmental agencies have failed children who are deemed at risk. Before being able to answer the question, ‘In what ways do the media shape the formal and informal policing of child murder within the family?’ one must define the key terms in theShow MoreRelatedMacbeth, By William Shakespeare849 Words   |  4 Pagesthe enemies and scoffs at attackers due to the prophesy that â€Å"none of woman born- Shall harm Macbeth† (4.1. 80-81). As evidenced by the play bearing his name, Macbeth is a major character. By committing vile murders as the protagonist, he is a classic anti-hero. Within the chaos, murder, and mutiny that surround Macbeth, he remains relatively static in his (or rather his wife’s) quest to garner lasting power on the throne. Macbeth only makes changes in accordance with the fulfillment of the witches’Read MoreThe Same American Phenomenon Of High Homicide Rates1549 Words   |  7 Pagesdebate. This paper will highlight the similarities and differences on the issue homicide rates within this country. The three sources are an article out of the Chicago Journal, â€Å"Homicide: Explaining America s Exceptionalism,† written by Eric Monkkonen, and the two books, American Homicide, by Randolph Roth, and Violent Land written by David Courtwright, are unified in their belief that the rate of Murder in the United States are exceptionally high for a developed Western nation. It is generallyRead MoreTruman Capote s The Cold Blood Essay1472 Words   |  6 Pagesreader to interpret. 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Public Health System and Policy Urban Areas

Question: Discuss about thePublic Health System and Policyfor Urban Areas. Answer: Introduction The public health issues are increasingly growing all over the world, and the governments are struggling with these health problems to keep their people healthy and safe. The main reason for the growing health issues is the violent and undisciplined lifestyle, which increasingly growing in the urban areas. Like any other developed countries, Australia is also facing difficulties in solving the public health issues. Among the issues, Australia is severely facing the problem of obesity as obesity is alarmingly increasing in Australian people (Baghbanian, Hughes, Khavarpour, 2011). Moreover, it is more alarming that the adults are passing on their bad habits to their kids thus; almost 1 in 4 means 27.4% children who are aged 5 to 17 years are obese or overweight. The Obesity is the major health issue for both men and women in Australia. In medical jargon overweight is the body condition when an individual's body weight is 10 to 20% higher in comparison to the ordinary people and body m ass index (BMI) is 25 to 30. In obesity, the scale is above 20% of average body weight, and BMI is above 30. Morbid obesity refers to the condition when an individual's body weight is 50 to 100 % over than the average body weight. The obesity is a primary cause of the cardiovascular diseases, and as per statistics cardiovascular diseases or heart diseases is the core reason of the increasing mortality rate of Australia and considered as the biggest killer in this country (McLachlan, 2010). The obesity invites many other dreadful diseases like hypertension, high blood sugar, diabetes and cancer; thus, the concern of the Australian government in order prevent obesity is increasing, and the government has taken several strategies to control the obesity rate in this country. In this report, the light will be dropped on the issue and the current public health policy and practices including sate, national and international health system structure to prevent this major health issue. Main Context Describe Public Health and its History As per the Australia system, the public health system must be determined to depict the issues. It becomes a part of the appropriate health contribution and for the treatment of the general public's which can be continued by regular diagnostic testing, and the routine health care must be maintained to carry out the appropriate treatment systems. But in the context of the patient and the clinical health care, the two components are notified which are involved with the determining the broader and the complex context (Bhuyan et al., 2015). Various other settings are assisted by the legislative, funding and the regulatory arrangements which help in the involvement of multiple providers. As per the World Health Organization, a health system is described as all the activities whose primary purpose is to promote, restore and the maintain health with determining the health maintenance. The quality of the services provided to the people describes the good health system which is carried out in the context of the needs of the people and thereby the satisfaction can be seen as the enhancement of the context represented (Blanck Collins, 2015). The configuration of the services regarding the health care varies from country to country. Thereby the common elements are constructed for the enhancement of the mechanism that is built for the appropriate maintenance of the public safety and thereby by the educated workforce regarding the medical safety, and the development must be allocated for the enhancement with maintaining the facilities depicted by WHO. Australian health care system depicts the improvement with creating a multifaceted web for the public and the private providers and thereby all the settings illustrated supports the mechanism continued by the service providers (Brennan, Kemner, Donaldson, Brownson, 2015). The considerations are undertaken with depicting the values with involving the medical practitioners, nurses, allied and the other health professionals that are illustrated in this case. This helps in delivering the preventive services with depicting the view of the primary health and the emergency health services and thereby the treatments can be undertaken in an appropriate manner. The government of Australia also takes proper rehabilitation and the palliative care and thus the public health services seem to be enhanced with care (Connelly, Duaso, Butler, 2007). The individuals with the respective responsibilities are provided so that the appropriate conduct can be undertaken with considering the elements of the Australia's Health system. Henceforth the structure clearly depicts the history regarding the public health of Australia with representing the public health services provided by the government of Australia. Identifying Key Issues in Public Health Policy and Practice As per the structure of the Australia Government regarding the public health, various challenges are depicted regarding the funding and the delivery of the health care. The major problems are illustrated in this context represent the following that are described below:- The variation of the changes of the pattern regarding the demography and the disease patterns which are depicted with the consideration of the population ages, and the burden of the chronic illness that grows widely in Australia (Dean, 2016). The increment in the costs and the expenses that are depicted with the advancement of medical science and its technology. It thereby ensures the comprehensive, transparent and the efficient process for appropriate accessing f health strategies. Problems related to the health workforce supply and distribution depicted regarding the health services as depicted according to the current health policies (French Sherwood, 2011). The concerns related to the quality and the safety practices seems to be persistent which furthermore becomes an issue in for of public health Uncertainty is created regarding the public health, and the balance is depicted with the construction of the funding problems. Recognition of the invest problems relating to the health of the children and thereby the issues is represented. The role regarding the urban planning is depicted in creating healthy and sustainable communities as depicted in this case (Frieden, Dietz, Collins, 2010). Understanding the health and the equity in regarding the indigenous Australians are depicted which must assist the health care services. The issues regarding the bureaucratic policies are depicted with indicating the approach relating to the designing of the health system. Furthermore, apart from all the challenges mentioned above which are confronted by the Australian Government regarding the healthcare, the other major challenges are also depicted which indicates the funding and the delivery of the health care in Australia. The issue regarding the national leadership is also illustrated in this context of the health care system in Australia and thereby the delivery of inappropriate health care is undertaken with facing the challenges. Indigenous communities are established as a part of targeting population that is depicted in this context (Miller, 2010). It also helps in illustrating the inappropriate focus regarding the health care system in Australia which helps in determining the inadequate response to the challenges generated as per the Federal Government of Australia. With these challenges, mostly the indigenous community thrives off the facilities and thereby the imbalance in the health care system is depicted as per the government of Australia . The State, International and National Health Systems Structure Australia has one of the most accessible, comprehensive and affordable healthcare systems in the globe. The Commonwealth of health and ageing encourages good health and also ensures all people have access to family and health services including: Community and aged care services Children and family services Public health initiatives Pharmaceutical and Medicare benefits Healthcare and hospital funding Disability programs Emergency services for the people in the crisis Health services for Torres Strait and Aboriginal Islanders The Commonwealth has developed a policy of financing and leadership in the health matters and also focuses on the research, national information management, and public health areas. The territories and state are responsible largely for the delivery of the public sector health services and regulation of the health workers in private and public sectors (Baghbanian, Hughes Khavarpour, 2011). The territories and states deliver psychiatric hospital and public acute including dental health, environmental health programs, school health, child and maternal health. All government levels plus nongovernment and consumer sector have some role in providing or administering care, funding for older people. The aged care is regulated and financed by the Commonwealth government and is provided by the mainly nongovernment sector. The territories, states, and Commonwealth jointly administer and fund community care. The government of Australia has also taken many steps and implemented policies to preve nt obesity. The local government plays a significant role in the services provision, for example through responsibilities for hygiene and sanitation, water quality and food safety monitoring (Willis, Reynolds Keleher, 2012). The health care system of Australia is regarded as world care system regarding both its efficiency and effectiveness. The system is the mixture of private and public sector health services providers and range of regulatory and funding mechanisms: The primary role of the Australian government is to develop national policies, funding, and regulation Local, territory and state governments who are responsible primary for the management and delivery of the public health services and maintaining relationships with the private professionals and health professionals (Holtz, 2008). Private practitioners which include specialists, consultant physicians, and specialists For nonprofit and profit organizations and the voluntary agencies The government of Australia funding includes national subsidy schemes: pharmaceuticals benefits scheme, private health insurance rebate, and Medicare. Through taxes, people make their contributions, and Medicare levy is based on their income and private financing such as the private health insurance (Baghbanian, Hughes Khavarpour, 2011). Describing and Comparing Issues In Australia, the obesity is alarmingly growing, and approximately 50% or more than 50% people in Australia are suffering from obesity. According to the recent report, almost 2 in 3 adults in Australia are obese or overweight, which is 63.4% of total adult Australian people. Moreover, the rate of obesity is Australian people is growing disturbingly because if the current report is compared with the report of 1995, then it is observed that in last ten years, the obesity rate has been increased by 10%. Moreover, the most disturbing fact about obesity is almost 1 in 4 children are obese, which is 25% of the total children in Australia. Here it is also observed that the urbanization is growing day by day. The rural people intend to adopt the urban life, and for this reason, it is found that the people living in remote areas or outer region are obese or overweight in comparison to the urban people who are residing in the major cities of Australia (Orlowski et al., 2013). The current stati stics shows that the residents in the isolated people are 15% more obese than the urban people. The obesity is the cause of other dreadful diseases like hypertension, high blood sugar, diabetes, and cancer. The bad food habit of the Australian people is the main reason for increasing obesity. Besides this, the reducing exercise and hard work are also a cause of obesity. The overweight reduces the capability of chronic disorders. For the obesity there is 22% of Australian are suffering from cardiovascular diseases whereas around 280 Australian people develop diabetes each day, each in every 5 minutes. It is observed that 70.8% of adults men being overweight in comparison to the 56.3% women. The kids are also suffering from obesities, as the adults passing their bad habits to their children. Moreover, around one kid out of 4 kids suffering from obesity thus 27.4% of children in the age group of 5 to 17 are suffering from obesity (Sargent, 2011). The severe dietary is the key reason fo r the obesity of the reducing vegetable and fruits in the diet chart increased the fat in the body of the Australian people and growing obesity. 45 years and above people are mostly overweight in Australia. Analysis of the Health Policies The government of Australia has implemented many rules, regulations, and policies to control obesity. Under, eat well policy the government of Australia has focused on the following issues and has taken actions (Healey, 2009). Strategic Management Steering the implementation of NATSINSAP and EWA Developing policy for nutrition Managing partnerships Establishing criteria for the resource allocation Vulnerable Groups Promoting organizational service changes Addressing the structural barriers to healthy and safe food Influencing social policy Fruit and Vegetables Undertaking fruit and vegetables promotions Addressing structural factors that influence fruit and vegetable consumption Enhancing research Child and Maternal Health Improving nutrition for lactating and pregnant women Improving infant nutrition and promoting breastfeeding Research and Development Investing in health nutrition research Encouraging investment in private sector Promoting innovation Evaluation and Monitoring National nutrition and food control system Evaluating EWA The government has implemented many policies such as Australia New Zealand Food Standards Code, Food Regulation 2002, National Primary Health Care Strategic Framework, Nutrition, health and related claims standard, Australian National Breastfeeding Strategy, Food Regulation 2010 under food act 2003, National Preventative Health Strategy, Healthy weight, Marketing in Australia of Infant Formulas, Food and Nutrition Policy and Health Star Rating system (Lin, Smith and Fawkes, 2007). Tackling many public health threats and epidemics in the past has required the backbone of the hard policies around which the options can work in amplifying their effectiveness. The control of tobacco is a classic case, where adverting bans, smoke-free environments, and taxation served as the drivers for the changes in social marketing, education, and programs provided added value (Moodie, Daube Carnell, 2009). The legislation and policies for the prevention of obesity could not be aimed directly at physic al and eating activity behaviors. However, the rule-based approach likely to be powerful to change the social attitudes and norms. The government took the preventive actions are as follows: Funding "National Partnership Agreement on Prevention Health." Establishing "Australian National Prevention Health Agency." Launching social marketing campaign encouraging people to adopt healthier lifestyle Reviewing clinical rules on obesity and new guidance for the consumers. The intervention should include hard paternalism regulation options such as regulation and legislation to make the environments for people less obesogenic (Whitney Rolfes, 2011). Conclusion The overall report depicts the significant health issues which have reached the health agenda of the Australian Government and thereby the proper explanation which is represented regarding the policy response illustrated in this context. The policy issues are also described with referencing to the federal government, and thus the both levels of the government policy and the roles are depicted with portraying the policy roles included by representing such problems related to the obesity is illustrated in this context (Murray Battista, 2009). The urbanization and health with the indigenous health are illustrated with the aging of the population. Henceforth the description and the comparison of the issues regarding the community health with taking determinants of health perspectives are illustrated in this context. The analyses of the selected policies are represented in according to the health plans depicted in this context of obesity. References Baghbanian, A., Hughes, I., Khavarpour, F. (2011). Resource allocation and economic evaluation in Australia's healthcare system.Australian Health Review,35(3), 278. Healey, J. (2009).The obesity epidemic. Thirroul, N.S.W.: Spinney Press. Holtz, C. (2008).Global health care. Sudbury, Mass.: Jones and Bartlett Publishers. Lin, V., Smith, J., Fawkes, S. (2007).Public health practice in Australia. Crows Nest, NSW, Australia: Allen Unwin. Moodie, A., Daube, M., Carnell, K. (2009).Australia - the healthiest country by 2020. Canberra: Australian Government, Preventative Health Taskforce. Whitney, E. Rolfes, S. (2011).Understanding nutrition. Australia: Wadsworth, Cengage Learning. Willis, E., Reynolds, L., Keleher, H. (2012).Understanding the Australian health care system. Chatswood, N.S.W.: Churchill Livingstone. Baghbanian, A., Hughes, I., Khavarpour, F. (2011). Resource allocation and economic evaluation in Australia's healthcare system.Australian Health Review,35(3), 278. Bhuyan, S., Chandak, A., Smith, P., Carlton, E., Duncan, K., Gentry, D. (2015). Integration of public health and primary care: A systematic review of the current literature in primary care physician mediated childhood obesity interventions.Obesity Research Clinical Practice,9(6), 539-552. Blanck, H. Collins, J. (2015). The Childhood Obesity Research Demonstration Project: Linking Public Health Initiatives and Primary Care Interventions Community-Wide To Prevent and Reduce Childhood Obesity.Childhood Obesity,11(1), 1-3. Brennan, L., Kemner, A., Donaldson, K., Brownson, R. (2015). Evaluating the Implementation and Impact of Policy, Practice, and Environmental Changes to Prevent Childhood Obesity in 49 Diverse Communities.Journal Of Public Health Management And Practice,21, S121-S134. Connelly, J., Duaso, M., Butler, G. (2007). A systematic review of controlled trials of interventions to prevent childhood obesity and overweight: A realistic synthesis of the evidence.Public Health,121(7), 510-517. Dean, E. (2016). Childhood obesity.Primary Health Care,26(8), 10-10. French, S. Sherwood, N. (2011). Linking Primary Care, Communities, and Families To Prevent Obesity among Preschool Children.Childhood Obesity,7(3), 237-239. Frieden, T., Dietz, W., Collins, J. (2010). Reducing Childhood Obesity Through Policy Change: Acting Now To Prevent Obesity.Health Affairs,29(3), 357-363. McLachlan, G. (2010). Reforms on the horizon for Australia's health system.The Lancet,375(9716), 712-713. Miller, M. (2010). Women and Health: Community Development, its Role in Health: The Future of Public Health Research in Australia.Community Health Studies,10(4), 417-418. Murray, R. Battista, M. (2009). Managing the Risk of Childhood Overweight and Obesity in Primary Care Practice.Current Problems In Pediatric And Adolescent Health Care,39(6), 146-165. Orlowski, M., Adkins, S., Ellison, S., Choh, A., Terwoord, N., Schuster, R. (2013). Assessment and Management of Adult Obesity in a Primary Care Practice.World Medical Health Policy,5(1), 19-36. Sargent, G. (2011). Successful treatment of childhood overweight and obesity in primary health care and appropriate outcome measures: Development of a logic model.Obesity Research Clinical Practice,5, 22.

Manila free essay sample

Figure in state-space where the output is OL(t). 8. Show that the system in the previous Figure in the text yields a fourth-order transfer function if we relate the displacement of either mass to the applied force, and a third-order one if we relate the velocity of either mass to the applied force. 9. Find the state-space representation in phase-variable form for each of the system shown in the Figure. 10. For each system shown in the Figure, write the state equations and the output equation for the phase-variable representation. 11. Represent the following transfer function in state space. Give your answer in vector-matrix form. 12. Find the transfer function G(s)=Y(s)/R(s) for each of the following systems represented in state space. 13. Use MATLAB to find the transfer function, G(s)=Y(s)/R(s), for each of the following systems represented in state space. 14. Repeat problem 13 using MATLAB, the Symbolic Math Toolbox, and Eq. We will write a custom essay sample on Manila or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page (3. 73). 15. Gyros are used on space vehicles, aircraft, and ships for inertial navigation. The gyro shown in the Figure is a rate gyro restrained by springs connected between the inner gimbal and the outer gimbal (frame) as shown. A rotational rate about the z-axis causes the rotating disk to precess about the x-axis. Hence, the input is a rotational rate about the z-axis, and the output is an angular displacement about the x-axis. Since the outer gimbal is secured to the vehicle, the displacement about the x-axis is a measure of the vehicle’s angular rate about the z-axis. The equation of motion is: Jxd2Oxdt2+DxdOxdt+KxOx=JwdOzdt Represent the gyro in state space. 16. A missile in flight as shown in the Figure, is subject to several forces, thrust, lift, drag, and gravity. The missile flies at an angle of attack, a, from its longitudinal axis, creating lift. At the same time, the manipulator must provide sufficient force to perform the task. In order to develop a control system to regulate these forces, the robotic manipulator and the target environment must be modeled. Assuming the model in the Figure, represent in state-space the robotic manipulator and its environment under the following condition. a. the manipulator is not in contact with its target environment. b. the manipulator is in constant contact with its target environment. 22. In the past, Type-1 diabetes patient need to inject themselves with insulin three to four times a day. New delayed-action insulin analogues such as insulin Glargine require a single daily dose. A similar procedure to the one described in Pharmaceutical drugs absorption case study of this chapter is used to find a model in concentration time evolution of plasma for insulin Glargine. For specific patient State space model matrices are given by: Where the state vector is given by a. Find the system’s transfer function. b. Verify the result using MATLAB. 23. A linear, time invariant model of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis of the endocrine system with five state variables has been proposed as follows: 4. In this chapter, we described the state-space representation of single input single output systems. In general, systems can have multiple inputs and multiple outputs. An autopilot is to be designed for a submarine in the Figure to maintain a constant depth under severe wave disturbances. We will see that this system has two inputs and two outputs and thus the scaler u becom es a vector, u, and scaler y becomes a vector, y, in the state equations. 25. Experiments to identify precision grip dynamics between the index finger and the thumb have been performed using a ball-drop experiment. A subject holds a device with a small receptacle into which an object is dropped, and the response is measured. Assuming a step input, it has been found that the response of the motor subsystem together with the sensory system is with the form: Convert this transfer function into a state-space representation. 26. State-space representation are, in general, not unique. One system can be represented in several possible ways. For example, consider the following systems: Show that these systems will result in the same transfer function.

x generation essays

x generation essays Talking About My Generation I was born in 1980, which puts me in a category of the X-generation. As much as I despise to be categorized and stereotyped by the society, I cant help but to admit that there is some truth to a few traits about my generation. What is generation X? It seems we had to be called X-generation since we represent something negative to our parents and the world. We are the children of the 1990s. We are the MTV generation and the ones who came home after school and turn on the TVs or computers since there is no one to talk to. We are the product of the previous generation our parents and whether we like it or not, we are the present and the future and I think its about time we face the issues of our generation and deal with it. We are selfish, cynical and sad. Everything has always been provided for us. We never had to worry about where our next meal is going to come from. For that reason, we tend to take things for granted and no matter how many times our parents tell us about how tough it was for them to grow up in the 60s (especially my parents since they had to live through the post war period in Korea), we cant really know what it was like to be in their situation. When a person died, the old Greeks did not write an obituary but asked one and simple question, which was that if that man, or woman had passion while he/she was alive. We, the Xers, are passionless. We are left with the biggest debt in U.S history and the economy is stagnating. It is a fact that one out of every three college graduates between 1990 2005 is expected to take a job that does not require college degree. * The future seems bleak along with the fact that we will be forced to support the largest amount of senior citizens ever. It seems as though everything has already been set and decided...

Assignment (primary research required) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 1

Assignment (primary research required) - Essay Example The current paper, therefore, aims to look into the working environment of ADM Building and Property Services, a small-sized business in London, and identify their business behaviours and practises in relation to small business management. Primary Research: Interviews with ADM Building and Property Services Employees The following interviews were conducted among 5 employees, 4 managers, and the owner himself, and aimed to determine how business management has been integrated into their overall system, particularly their actual practises and attitudes. Opportunities and Challenges Presented by Small Business Management The first two questions were, however, focused on both the opportunities and challenges that are brought about by being in a small business. According to their responses: â€Å"Small businesses can be established at a low cost and even on a part-time basis. Because these businesses that are smaller in size, such as ours, have begun to adopt Internet marketing and have taken full advantage of the benefits that this offers, we have been to respond to specialized niches. Thus, we have been able to take action for what the marketplace demands of us†. â€Å"We have established strong relationships with our clients and customers; we have also been capable of identifying their needs and preferences so we can provide more individualized services. Due to such, we have attained a significant increase in development and accountability as well†. â€Å"Independence is a very important factor to consider when establishing a small business; this comes with the freedom to make our own decisions, take our own risks, and obtain the rewards for our efforts. There is the lack of constraints that are brought about by economic and other external factors. Nonetheless, allocating long hours for work and understanding that our clients are our bosses have always been a top priority†. â€Å"Most often, the problems we encounter are brought about by the pressures from competing with larger businesses. For instance, to find new customers has always been a great challenge for us. To establish a continual flow of business, it has always been very important to focus on marketing the services that we offer†. The Importance of Branding to Small Businesses The next questions focused on the actual management of business, including the importance of branding and the strategies that they use to develop their brand. Their responses included: â€Å"Branding is the image that the public has of our business; it does not necessarily refer to the brand that we aim to create but rather the perception of what others have of us. This perception can be affected by various aspects of our business, from the products and services that we offer to the marketing tools that we use†. â€Å"Internet usage has been of great importance to us, such as through social media and online search engines. Aside from reinforcing our brand, we also provide clear, relevant, and engaging information to our target audience. Marketing and advertising activities should always be integrated

Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 8

Assignment - Essay Example The steles also have various heights. The placements create paths that are narrow and can only accommodate one person at a time. The unevenness of the steles reminds the viewers of the scattering of the Jews throughout the world. Unlike the small statues dedicated to the Jews, this Memorial is larger like those found at the actual camps. It is a massive reminder of the devastation the Holocaust cost not only the Jews, but the German people as a whole. Many people were involved with this project. Richard Serra started off the project, but quit over artistic differences. Lea Rosh, a journalist, wanted a visible memorial for the Holocaust. In Germany, the Holocaust was a shameful topic. The Germans did not want to speak of the past. Different governments backed and stalled the project. Finally the project was funded in 1999. Eisenman wanted to honor victims first, but make Germany as a whole remember the atrocities of the Third Reich for future generations. Instead of a small memorial, he created a large area that cannot be ignored by Berliners. Unlike their ancestors, Berliners today and in the future will not be able to turn away from the ugly truth. The Holocaust happened and needs to be

Reflective Writing on Marketing Essay Example for Free

Reflective Writing on Marketing Essay During your time at university you will spend a lot of your time thinking – thinking about what people have said, your reading, your own thinking and how your thinking has changed. The thinking process involves two aspects: reflective thinking and critical thinking. Rather than being two separate processes they are closely connected. (Brookfield 1987) Reflective thinking Reflection is a form of personal response to experiences, situations, events or new information. It is a ‘processing’ phase where thinking and learning take place. There is neither a right nor wrong way of reflective thinking; there are just questions to explore. The reflective thinking process starts with you. Before you can begin to assess the words and ideas of others, you need to pause and identify and examine your own thoughts. This involves revisiting your prior experience and knowledge of the topic you are exploring. It also involves considering how and why you think the way you do. The examination of your beliefs, values, attitudes and assumptions forms the foundation of your understanding. Reflective thinking demands that you recognise that you bring valuable knowledge to every experience. It helps you therefore to recognise and clarify the important connections between what you already know and what you are learning. It is a way of helping you to become an active, aware and critical learner. What is Reflective writing? Reflective writing is: * Your response to experiences, opinions, events or new information * Your response to thoughts and feelings * A way of thinking to explore your learning * An opportunity to gain self-knowledge * A way to achieve clarity and better understanding of what you are learning * A chance to develop and reinforce writing skills * A way of making meaning out of what you study Reflective writing is not: * Just conveying information, instruction or argument * Pure description, though there may be descriptive elements * Straightforward decision or judgement (e.g. about whether something is right or wrong, good or bad) * Simple problem-solving * A summary of unit notes * A standard university essay Why you are asked to do this type of assignment * To make connections The idea behind reflective writing is that what you learn at university builds on your prior knowledge, whether it is formal (education) or informal (gained through experience). Reflective writing helps you develop and clarify the connections between what you already know and what you are learning, between theory and practice and between what you are doing and how and why you do it. * To examine your learning processes Reflective writing encourages you to consider and comment on your learning experiences – not only WHAT you’ve learned, but HOW you did so. * To clarify what you are learning Reflecting helps you to clarify what you have studied, integrate new knowledge with previous knowledge, and identify the questions you have and what you have yet to learn. * To reflect on mistakes and successes Reflecting on mistakes can help you avoid repeating them. At the same time, reflecting on your discoveries helps identify successful principles to use again. * To become an active and aware learner * To become a reflective practitioner once you graduate and begin your professional life How to write reflectively What to discuss * Your perceptions of the course and the content. * Experiences, ideas and observations you have had, and how they relate to the course or topic. * What you found confusing, inspiring, difficult, interesting and why. * Questions you have and conclusions you have drawn. * How you solved a problem, reached a conclusion, found an answer or reached a point of understanding. * Possibilities, speculations, hypotheses or solutions. * Alternative interpretations or different perspectives on what you have read or done in your course. * How new ideas challenge what you already know. * What you need to explore next in terms of thoughts and actions. * Comparisons and connections between what you are learning and: * Your prior knowledge and experience; * Your prior assumptions and preconceptions; * What you know from other courses, units or disciplines. Writing style As it concerns your thoughts, reflective writing is mostly subjective. Therefore, in addition to being reflective and logical, you can be personal, hypothetical, critical and creative. You can comment based on your experience, rather than limiting yourself to academic evidence. * Reflective writing is an activity that includes description (what, when, who) and analysis (how, why, what if). It is an explorative tool often resulting in more questions than answers. * Use full sentences and complete paragraphs. * You can usually use personal pronouns like ‘I’, ‘my’ or ‘we’. * Keep colloquial language to a minimum (e.g. stuff, guys) * A reflective task may allow you to use different modes of writing and language: * Descriptive (outlining how something is or how something was done) * Explanatory (explaining why or how it is like that) * Expressive (I think, I feel, I believe) Tips for your reflective writing process 1. Think of interaction, event or episode you experienced that can be connected to the topic. 2. Describe what happened. 3. What was your role? 4. What feelings and perceptions surround the experience? 5. How would you explain the situation to someone else? 6. What might this experience mean in the context of your course? 7. What other perspectives, theories or concepts could be applied to the situation? References Brookfield, S 1987, Developing critical thinkers: challenging adults to explore alternative ways of thinking and acting, Open University Press, Milton Keynes. Acknowledgement: The preceding material was adapted from The Learning Centre, The University of NSW. Used by permission. Additional notes: Steps for writing a reflective paper: 1.Start your self-reflection paper with an introductory paragraph. This introduction should help set the stage for the reader and should contain the main point of the paper. This would be a good paragraph in which to include information about how the subject and the material impacted your life, whether it reinforced your current views or caused you to change your way of thinking. 2.Write a paragraph or two about the impact the lecturer, classroom/tutorial discussions or the textbook material had on you during the course. Describe emotions you felt you felt or changes you experienced in your personal life due to the topic or the subject. If your opinions on different subjects changed due to these factors be sure to provide your previous opinion and explain why you changed your stance. If your opinions did not change, explain why. 3.Describe a moment during the class that was the most eye-opening for you. One example would be if during a lecture/tutorial the lecturer/tutor used a specific story or analogy to help explain the material that made the lesson really clear for you. Reflect on how you felt when you finally understood the lesson and how that lesson might have impacted the way you think. 4.Write a paragraph explaining how the information from the subject has impacted the way you will think, act and feel in the future long after the semester is over. You may want to include how this subject has changed how you approach other subjects in your degree or life in general. 5.Give feedback in your paper and share your opinions and ideas about how the subject can be improved. Share what you liked about the subject and what material helped you learn the most. Finish the paper by writing a conclusion that summarizes the main points of the paper. This is just one way of structuring reflective writing. Whichever approach to reflection you use try to bear in mind the following key points: * Reflection is an exploration and an explanation of events – not just a description of them. * Genuinely reflective writing often involves ‘revealing’ anxieties, errors and weaknesses, as well as strengths and successes. This is fine (in fact it’s often essential), as long as you show some understanding of possible causes, and explain how you plan to improve. * It is normally necessary to select just the most significant parts of the event or idea on which you are reflecting. If you try to tell ‘the whole story’ you will likely use up your words on description rather than interpretation. * It is often useful to ‘reflect forward’ to the future as well as ‘reflecting back’ on the past. Vocabulary aid (adapted from University of Portsmouth, Dept for Curriculum and Quality Enhancem ent) The following are just a few suggestions for words and phrases that might be useful in reflective writing. Obviously, using these words and phrases will not in itself make you a good reflective writer. 1.Description There is no suggestion of specific vocabulary for any descriptive elements of your reflective writing because the range of possible events, ideas or objects on which you may be reflecting on is so great. However, if you are describing an idea, for example a theory or model, it is usually best to use the present tense e.g. ‘Buyer behaviour theory recognises†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ (not ‘recognised’). Events, of course, are nearly always described in the past tense. 2.Interpretation | | {aspect(s){elements(s){experience(s){issue(s)Idea(s)| Was (were)| For me, the [most]| {meaningful{significant{important{relevant{useful| | | | | learning| {arose from†¦{happened when†¦{resulted from†¦| Previously,}At the time,}At first}Initially,}Subsequently,}Later,}| I| {thought (did not think)†¦{felt (did not feel)†¦{knew (did not know)†¦{noticed (did not notice)†¦{questioned (did not question)†¦{realised (did not realise)†¦| | [Alternatively,][Equally,]| This| {might be{is perhaps{could be{is probably| {because of†¦{due to†¦{explained by†¦{related to†¦| | This| {is similar to†¦{is unlike†¦| because| | [Un]like†¦| this| {reveals†¦{demonstrates†¦| 3.Outcome Having| {read†¦{experienced†¦{applied†¦{discussed†¦{analysed†¦{learned†¦| I now| {feel†¦{think†¦{realise†¦{wonder†¦{question†¦{know†¦| | [Additionally,]}[Furthermore,]}[Most importantly,]}| I have learned that†¦| | I have significantly} slightly}However, I have not [sufficiently]}| {developed{improved| {my skills in†¦{my understanding of†¦{my knowledge of†¦{my ability to†¦| | | This means that†¦This makes me feel†¦| | | This knowledge {isThis understanding {could beThis skill {will be| {essential{important{useful| {to me as a learner [because†¦]{to me as a practitioner [because†¦]| | Because I| {did not†¦{have not yet†¦{am not yet certain about†¦{am not yet confident about†¦{do not yet know†¦{do not yet understand†¦| I will now need to†¦| | | As a next step, I need to†¦| | | More on Reflection What is reflection? A simple definition of reflection can be ‘consciously thinking about and analysing what you are doing and what you have done; thinking about what and how you have learnt. There is a lot of theory behind reflection that can be very complex. Most of the theory relates to seeing reflection as part of the cycle of learning (Figure 1). Initially students focus on knowledge, comprehension and application of subject matter. These three levels of learning are the easiest especially if the application is in a limited context e.g. worded problems from a text book. For higher levels of learning (application of knowledge in real world problems) you must be able to analyse, synthesise and evaluate as shown in Table 1. Reflection is a key part of moving into these higher levels of learning. Figure 1. Leaning cycle and examples of each phase Table 1 Six levels of learning Increasing Difficulty| Process| Explanation| | Knowledge| Recognition and recall of information and facts describing events| | Comprehension| Interprets, translates or summarises given information demonstrating understanding of events| | Application| Uses information in a situation different from original learning context -| | Analysis| Separates wholes into parts until relationships are clear – breaks down experiences| | Synthesis| Combines elements to form new entity from the original one draws on experience and other evidence to suggest new insights| | Evaluation| Involves acts of decision making, or judging based on criteria or rationale makes judgements about| Why reflect what are the benefits to the student? Learning is both an active and a reflective process. If you look at the learning cycle in Figure 1 you can see that reflection or thinking about what you have done and how and why you did it, form an integral part of learning. Because learning is often subconscious, we don’t realise that we have gained new knowledge or understanding until we stop to contemplate a particular activity. Reflection then, is a way for critical analysis, problem solving, synthesis of opposing ideas, evaluation, identifying patterns and creating meaning. Reflection will help you reach the higher levels of learning. Most students are focused on the lower levels of learning. â€Å"What do I have to know and demonstrate to pass the exam?† This is a very short-sighted approach to your time at university. You will not be able to remember all the facts and knowledge you have learnt in subjects unless you can fully understand, analyse and evaluate them. As you progress through your degree you will continually need information and knowledge from other subjects and this knowledge will build on previous knowledge. You must be able to attain the higher levels of learning in order to be successful in your degree and later in your professional life. Your learning and the need to learn will not stop with the end of your university degree. Most aspects of learning are common to all disciplines but sometimes there are different emphasises on certain learning skills. For example, generally speaking at university more emphasis is placed on the understanding of the methodology and the processes of problem solving. In this context, reflection will help you to detach yourself from the facts and put them into a larger context. Higher level courses at university as a business student bring a closer interaction between academic work and practical experience. Reflective practice here is critical in providing opportunities to identify areas for improvement and evaluation of the overall outcome including your decision making processes. Reflection can help bridge the gap between theory and practice and will enable you to understand your own thinking and learning. Another benefit is that it encourages you to look beyond your academic accomplishment and recognise the depth and range of other transferable skills. University is more than learning about facts and figures, it is a life experience. You will not learn everything that you need in your professional life at university. Your learning will be life long, so take some time to think about what skills you bring with you to university and what you learn along the way. How do I ‘reflect’? Reflection does not mean that you sit in the lotus position, humming meditative chants. Reflection can be active and need not take away from your ‘study time’. It is an important tool that can be used in all your university and professional work. Opportunities for reflection should occur before, during and after activities. That way you can take note of your learning starting point, assess your progress through the project and critically evaluate your learning at the end of the activity. Look critically at what you have done, what you’re team did and what the outcomes were. You need to ask yourself the why, how and what type of questions. Introducing Reflection Reflection is an important part of your learning whether you do it consciously or not. But what exactly is it? An excellent description of reflection can be found in the Harry Potter novel ‘ The Goblet of Fire’. In the paragraph below Dumbledore, the chief wizard and head teacher, is talking to Harry about having excess thoughts! ‘Harry stared at the stone basin. The contents had returned to their original, silvery white state, swirling and rippling beneath his gaze. â€Å"What is it?† Harry asked shakily. â€Å"This? It is called a Pensieve,† said Dumbledore. â€Å"I sometimes find, and I am sure you know the feeling, that I simply have too many thoughts and memories crammed into my mind.† â€Å"Err,† said Harry who couldn’t truthfully say that he had ever felt anything of the sort. â€Å"At these times† said Dumbledore, indicating the stone basin, â€Å"I use the Penseive. One simply siphons the excess thoughts from one’s mind, pours them into a basin, and examines them at one’s leisure. It becomes easier to spot patterns and links, you understand, when they are in this form.’ (Rowling 2000) During the semester and in your reflective writing we are asking you to think about the process you have been through, how these events affected your behaviour, to think about what you have learnt, and to evaluate your performance. By writing these things down it will give you the opportunity to clarify your thoughts and to spot the patterns and links. Reflective writing examples As an example, look at the following two critiques – one is a better example than the other! [King (2002) Development of Student Skills In Reflective Writing, p 16, http://www.csd.uwa.edu.au/iced2002/publication/Terry_King.pdf ] 1.I woke up late because my alarm didn’t ring. My own fault, but there you are. By the time I had finished my breakfast (my usual bowl of cornflakes, and a cup of black coffee with three sugars), I had missed my bus (that’s the number 9a, picked up at the bus stop outside Halfords), which had left on time (just for a change).So I got to University, and by the time I had found the right room, I was over 30 minutes late for the OOPR2 Exam. Unfortunately, the invigilator wouldn’t let me take the exam because it was â€Å"against University regulations†. Didn’t he realise how important it was for me to pass that exam? My overall grade depends on it, and now I stand to have a resit in September when I wanted to have my holiday in Ibiza.| 2.I was over 30 minutes late for my exam, which meant I was not allowed to sit it. This will have repercussions on my degree mark, and on my holiday plans. This is the first time I have actually missed an exam, but not t he first time I’ve actually been late to exams and important interviews. I have learned that:†¢ I need to improve my time-keeping for critical events†¢ The University has strict rules governing late arrivals at exams†¢ I need to be better preparedThe reasons that I arrived late were:†¢ My alarm clock didn’t ring because I forgot to reset its time after daylight saving on Saturday night (although I had reset all the other clocks in the house).†¢ I totally rely on the alarm clock ringing I have no back-up system†¢ I rely on my bus – a break down or it leaving early would also cause me to be late†¢ I did not know in which room the exam was; if I had, I would still have been a few minutes late, but at least I could have sat the exam.In order to improve the situation for next year, I plan to:†¢ Have a process to check all the clocks in the house when the clocks are due to change†¢ Make sure I have a back-up alarm system ( using my digital watch) for all days when it’s important to get up early†¢ On exam day, aim to catch the earlier bus †¦ its only 20 minutes earlier.†¢ Possibly consider missing breakfast, and buying a sandwich on the way from the bus to the exam room. I do believe that a good breakfast is important though!†¢ Make sure I know the correct room well in advance of the exam, by checking each room number when I first get the timetable.I suspect I need to reflect more on my priorities – this degree is really very important to me.|